Load–displacement diagram
Bolt line
Plate line
External force
Bolt preload
Preload extension
Preload vertical
Joint visualization
Bolt stiffness kb
—
N/mm
Plate stiffness kp
—
N/mm
Stiffness ratio φ
—
Separation load
—
N
Clamp load
—
N
Bolt tensile load
—
N
Bolt displacement
—
mm
Bolt stress
—
MPa